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Blowing foam agents are materials that promote foam formation, such as surfactants or blowing foam foam agents. When present in small amounts, the surfactant reduces the surface tension of the liquid (reducing the work required to produce the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting the coalescence of the bubbles. A blowing foam foam agent is a gas that forms a gaseous portion of a foam.
PU foam blowing foam agents mainly include water and Freon, such as F-11, F-113. The difference between water and freon as a blowing foam agent is that: (a) the fluorocarbon volatilizes and takes away heat, has good processing properties, and thus is not easily burned in the foam. (b) Good toughness and low strength (because there is no urea structure). (c) A decrease in heat of reaction may result in a closed cell structure, an increased proportion of closed cells, a decrease in moisture absorption rate, a decrease in permeability, and an increase in adiabaticity. (d) Reducing the number of ICs can reduce costs.
Blowing foam agents can be divided into two broad categories, namely low molecular weight and high molecular weight surfactants. Basically, synthetic surfactants correspond to low molecular weight classes. Their main drawback is that most are toxic. Some of them are known to interfere with the steady state of physiological fluids or to destroy cell membranes. Only a few nonionic surfactants are considered to be biocompatible, such as polysorbate 80 and poloxamer 407. They are used as additives in parenteral drugs in biomedical applications. They are effective blowing foam foam agents, produce foams with good stability, and are not known to have any immunogenic response. Polysorbate 80 has proven to be a very effective synthetic surfactant for the manufacture of calcium phosphate foams. It is a nonionic surfactant with a critical micelle concentration between 13 and 15 mg / L in water. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a pharmaceutical carrier for parenteral administration at a maximum dose of 4 mg / mL.
Another method is based on the good emulsification and foaming properties of some proteins or polysaccharides, which are natural surfactants. The foaming properties of proteins depend on their ability to adsorb and unfold on the surface, forming a flexible, elastic interface film that traps and retains air. For example, it is known that protein mixture proteins derived from egg white have excellent foaming ability. Natural proteins contain up to 40 different proteins, some of which are water-soluble surface-active proteins that migrate to the air/water interface. In particular, the foaming properties of the protein are related to the surface denaturation of the protein globulin moiety. Protein has proven to be an effective CPC foaming foam foam agent.
Gelatin, denatured collagen, is another example of an amphiphilic protein with good foaming ability. In fact, calcium phosphate foam has been produced using gelatin which exhibits enhanced injectability and cohesion. In addition, in addition to their ability to foam, proteins also impart other interesting biologically active functions to the material. For example, in the case of gelatin, it can improve cell recruitment due to the naturally occurring adhesion peptide sequence in its composition. In addition, since gelatin is a partially hydrolyzed collagen, combined with calcium phosphate, it mimics the composite structure of bone. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that the use of heterologous proteins can increase the likelihood of an immunogenic response.
Soybean-derived proteins were also investigated as foaming foam foam agents for CPC. Soy extract is not a pure protein, but a mixture of protein, carbohydrates and natural oils. The attraction of soy extract is that it contains isoflavones, which are similar to estrogens, thus preventing bone decalcification due to decreased osteoclast activity and also stimulating osteoblast differentiation.
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